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Group history
1865-1899
The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between Europe, India and China.
The inspiration behind the founding of the bank was Thomas Sutherland, a Scot who was then working for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. He realised that there was considerable demand for local banking facilities in Hong Kong and on the China coast and he helped to establish the bank which opened in Hong Kong in March 1865 and in Shanghai a month later.

Soon after its formation the bank opened agencies and branches around the world. Although that network reached as far as Europe and North America, the emphasis was on building up representation in China and the rest of the Asia-Pacific region. HSBC was a pioneer of modern banking practices in a number of countries. In Japan, where a branch was established in 1866, the bank acted as adviser to the government on banking and currency. In 1888, it was the first bank to be established in Thailand, where it printed the country’s first banknotes.

From the outset trade finance was a strong feature of the local and international business of the bank, an expertise that has been recognised throughout its history. Bullion, exchange, merchant banking and note issuing also played an important part. By the 1880s, the bank was acting as banker to the Hong Kong government and also participated in the management of British government accounts in China, Japan, Penang and Singapore. In 1874 the bank handled China’s first public loan and thereafter issued most of China’s public loans.

By the end of the century, after a strong period of growth and success under the leadership of Thomas Jackson (chief manager for most of that period from 1876 to 1902), the bank was the foremost financial institution in Asia.

1900-1945
In the early years of the twentieth century, HSBC widened the scope of its activities in the East. It became increasingly involved in the issuing of loans to national governments, especially in China, to finance modernisation and internal infrastructure projects such as railway building. The First World War brought disruption and dislocation to many businesses but the 1920s saw a return to prosperity in the East as new industries were developed and trade in commodities such as rubber and tin soared. The bank’s new head office in Hong Kong (1935) and the new buildings at major branches such as Bangkok (1921), Manila (1922) and Shanghai (1923) reflected this confidence. In contrast the political outlook in China grew increasingly uncertain. Throughout the 1930s, in keeping with its long-standing connections with government finance in China, the bank took a leading part in efforts to stabilise the Chinese national currency.

In the Second World War, the majority of the bank’s staff in the East became prisoners of war as the Japanese advanced through Asia. The chief manager, Sir Vandeleur Grayburn and his designated successor died while prisoners in Hong Kong. The bank survived under the guidance of its London Advisory Committee who were empowered to act as a Board of Directors in 1943, and under the leadership of Arthur Morse who became Chairman and Chief Manager of the bank at the same time. With most of the branch network shut down the bank adjusted to wartime conditions whilst always making plans to return to its home.
1946-1979
After the Second World War HSBC quickly restored its head office powers and functions to Hong Kong. In the immediate post-war period the bank quickly took on a key role in the reconstruction of the Hong Kong economy. Its support for the skills and experiences of newcomers to Hong Kong was especially vital to the upsurge in manufacturing in this period.

In its other markets, however, the bank needed to make major readjustments. Most of the mainland offices in China were closed between 1949 and 1955, leaving only the Shanghai office to continue its long and eventful service. These changes carried the risk that the bank was over-concentrating its interests in Hong Kong. The bank addressed this concern by diversifying its business in a series of alliances and acquisitions.
In the Asia-Pacific region, key additions were the Mercantile Bank in 1959; a controlling interest in Hang Seng Bank Limited in 1965; and the formation of a merchant bank arm, Wardley Limited, in 1972.

The history of the Mercantile Bank stretched back to its foundation in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1853 and the bank was particularly strong in the Indian sub-continent and Malaysia.

Hang Seng Bank, in contrast, was a local Hong Kong bank established in 1933. These developments were complemented by the purchase of The British Bank of the Middle East in 1959 and the establishment of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation of California in 1955.

By the 1970s the bank had firmly developed a policy of expansion by acquisition or formation of subsidiaries with their own identities and expertise.
1980-1999
During the 1980s HSBC concentrated on moving into those markets where it was not yet fully represented. In the United States this expansion centred on the purchase of Marine Midland Bank. After taking a 51 per cent interest in the bank in 1980, full ownership was completed in 1987. In Europe the bank sought a similar investment and in 1987 it took a 14.9 per cent share in Midland Bank in the UK. A co-operation agreement between HSBC and Midland allowed the two banks to consolidate and rationalise their international activities by reciprocal transfers of business.
The formation of HSBC Holdings plc in 1991, creating a holding company for the entire Group with its shares quoted in London and Hong Kong, showed that the Group viewed Europe, and the London market in particular, as a vital part of its future development. This strategy was made clear when HSBC Holdings announced that it would make a recommended offer for full ownership of Midland. The final offer, which became unconditional in July 1992, valued Midland at £3.9 billion and lifted the Group’s total assets from £86 billion in 1991 to over £170 billion in 1992. HSBC’s acquisition of Midland created one of the largest financial organisations of its kind in the world.

HSBC continued to grow through strategic acquisitions in both the developed and emerging markets: purchases in Argentina and Brazil in 1997 were balanced by the addition of the Republic New York Corporation to the HSBC Group in 1999. In November 1998 the Group announced the adoption of a unified brand, using HSBC and the hexagon symbol everywhere it operates, with the aim of enhancing recognition of the Group and its values by customers, shareholders and staff throughout the world.

2007
to present day
2017 was a year of challenges for HSBC.

The weakness in the American property market affected its US subsidiary, HSBC Finance Corporation, and in February the bank issued a trading statement to warn investors about the impact of bad debts. Many other banks follow suit and by the end of the year HSBC is winning plaudits for its early announcement and prudent handling of the situation. In a strategic review of its consumer and mortgage lending businesses, the bank announces the closure of Decision One, its sub-prime mortgage loans wholesale channel.

Elsewhere, HSBC continues to expand its business in key markets and through key products. In April, the bank officially incorporates in China and the chairman announces the intention to ‘significantly invest in and develop our business in the country.’ By the end of the year HSBC is operating from 53 outlets in the country – up from 39 – and is the first foreign bank to receive permission to open a branch in rural China. September sees the official launch of HSBC Premier – the world’s first truly global banking service – which is soon dubbed ‘The world’s local bank account.’

HSBC continues its long-standing engagement with the environmental agenda when it launches the HSBC Climate Partnership in May. This five-year, US$100m project aims to tackle the causes and impact of climate change. The bank also appoints Nicholas Stern to the post of special advisor on Economic Development and Climate Change. The bank’s principles are put into practice to good effect in its new HQ in Mexico which wins Gold awards for its environmental design, construction and operation. This is just one of many awards that HSBC receives throughout the year – others include Asia’s top retail bank and the Best International Islamic Bank.

Both looking back, and looking forward, HSBC announces during the year that it has commissioned a new history of the bank to be published in 2016 to coincide with the bank’s 150th birthday.

2006
2017 was a year of development and change for HSBC.

Strategic acquisitions throughout the year increased market share and customer numbers especially in the Americas. In February HSBC Latin America Holdings (UK) Limited entered an agreement to acquire the majority of Lloyds TSB’s branch assets in Paraguay, and this was quickly followed by the acquisition in March of a stake in Financiera Independencia – one of Mexico’s leading companies in the sub-prime consumer loans market with over 100 offices throughout the country. In November, the bank entered fresh pastures with the purchase of Grupo Banistmo. This banking group, based in Panama, gave the bank access to the markets of Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua for the first time in its history.
HSBC continued to focus on the development of its personal financial services business in Asia especially in China where the bank was able to offer a new RMB deposit service to domestic customers. Business customers also benefited with the launch of the International Business Centres which facilitate SMEs around the world with their cross border trading.

Climate change and environmental issues remained important to HSBC during the year. Eight thousand bins were removed from HSBC’s head office in June as part of the programme to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills by 8% by the end of 2007. In June HSBC signed up to the UN principles for responsible investment and was also named the winner in the first FT Sustainable Banking Awards.

In May HSBC bid farewell to Sir John Bond, and welcomed Stephen Green as Group Chairman.

2005
In 2005, HSBC marked 140 years in China by increasing its stake in the country.

The Group opened new branches in Chongqing and Chengdu in the west of the country and in March became the first foreign bank to provide local currency services from its branch in Beijing.

HSBC began selling insurance through Ping An Insurance, China’s second largest life insurer, and increased its stake in the company to 19.9%. In November, HSBC was the title sponsor of the inaugural HSBC Champions golf tournament in Shanghai.

In the Middle East, HSBC reopened its branch in Kuwait, while in the US, the integration of Household International with the Group’s North American operations was completed, under the name ‘HSBC Finance Corporation’.

HSBC continued to tackle the issues of climate change, and reducing the social and environmental impact of its operations. In October, it became the first major bank to go carbon neutral, and in May and August, published sector guidelines governing its activities in the freshwater infrastructure and chemicals industries.

2004
HSBC grew organically and through strategic acquisitions in 2004.
The Bank of Bermuda joined the Group in February and minority stakes were acquired in India’s UTI Bank and China’s Bank of Communications Ltd.

In the UK, HSBC bought the retail financial services arm of the Marks and Spencer Group.

The HSBC brand was adopted by its Mexican subsidiary, G F Bital, early in the year and in September the majority of the bank’s North American businesses, including Household International, were united under the name HSBC North America.

HSBC continued its long-standing commitment to the environment, becoming a founder member of the Climate Group in April and announcing its intention in December to become the first major bank to go carbon neutral.

2003
In April, the new Group head office in Canary Wharf in London officially opened to house some 8000 staff.

HSBC’s purchase of Household International Inc. added substantially to the Group’s business and profile in the United States; Household’s network of over 1300 branches in 45 states provided consumer finance to 53 million customers.

In France CCF agreed to increase its stake in French private bank Banque Eurofin S.A. to 83.95 per cent and to acquire two further branches of Banque Worms.

HSBC also acquired Keppel Insurance Pte Ltd, a provider of life insurance and Islamic insurance in Singapore; and took full ownership of Equator Holdings Ltd.
2002
From 2002, the HSBC identity carried the strapline of ‘The world’s local bank’, emphasising the Group’s experience and understanding of a great variety of markets and cultures. The Group also began its five-year ‘Investing in Nature’ programme, a partnership in environmental projects with Earthwatch, WWF and Botanic Gardens International.

HSBC acquired and recapitalized Grupo Financiero Bital in Mexico at a total cost of US$1.9 billion. This new member of the Group brought 5.5 million new customers and 1,400 branches in to the network. Elsewhere, HSBC acquired a 10 per cent share of Ping An Insurance Company of China, the second largest life insurance operator in the country.

2001
Purchases during the year included the NRMA Building Society Limited in Australia, Demirbank of Turkey and a 97 per cent interest in China Securities Investment Trust Corporation, Taiwan’s leading asset management company. In December, the bank also took an 8 per cent share in the Bank of Shanghai which was established in 1995 and operates a network of almost 200 branches in the city. 2018 also saw the opening of the only branch in the HSBC network that is open 365 days a year – in Pune in Western India.

2000
In April, HSBC announced a US$11 billion recommended offer for Crédit Commercial de France (CCF). Established in 1894, CCF brought into the Group a network of 650 branches in France and long experience of personal, corporate, investment and private banking, greatly strengthening HSBC’s presence in the euro zone. The deal was completed in July and in that month HSBC Holdings plc was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange for the first time.

During the year HSBC launched HSBC Premier, a new international service for HSBC’s most valuable personal customers.

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مع تحياتي

In 2005, HSBC published the world’s most comprehensive survey of global attitudes to ageing and retirement, while in November, Sir John Bond, HSBC Chairman since 1988, announced he is to retire in May 2006.